An Interactive Digital BookFirst Edition · 8 Chapters · ISBN 978-625-00-5299-0Free demo · Full edition ₺349
From Rules to Deep Learning

AI for Everyone

Follow the story from mechanical calculators to today’s chatbots, and explore the ideas through interactive examples.

One topic · two levels of detail{{ dialMode }}
How does a machine learn?

In this learning example, you show the machine many examples and their correct answers. The machine compares its prediction with the correct answer and changes its numerical settings; it uses those settings for the next prediction.

It uses labeled examples that pair an input x with its correct answer y; a loss function calculates an error score for the prediction. Gradient descent updates the model’s numerical settings (the parameters θ) to try to reduce this score; f(x; θ) is the prediction produced for input x.

SIMPLE← slide to change the explanation →TECHNICAL

Simple explains the idea through examples; Technical adds calculations and symbols. You can switch between the two explanations whenever you like.

If something is unclear: Note the concept or step you’re stuck on. Change an input in the Simple example and observe the result again; then read the relevant Technical explanation and any further-reading box. If needed, search the term with “worked example.” When consulting university teaching materials or official documentation, check the author, date and assumptions, then compare the worked steps with this illustration.

Contents EIGHT CHAPTERS · ONE JOURNEY
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Reading Mode

Simple explains the idea through examples; Technical adds calculations and symbols. You can switch between the two explanations whenever you like.

Chapters
In This Chapter · {{ secPager }}
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Interactive example · {{ demo.title }}Interactive
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{{ intel.name }} Illustrative AI summary: {{ intel.level }}
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The indicator is illustrative; it is not measured performance.
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{{ binSumLabel }}: {{ binSumExpr }}{{ binZeroLabel }}
{{ binLast }}
{{ c.v }} ▲
State: {{ tStateLabel }}Completed result{{ tTemporaryLabel }}: {{ tVal }}
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Start: {{ tStartFixed }}. {{ tSimpleStory }}{{ tStory }}
Start:
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→
Phase: {{ cyclePhaseLabel }} · Information card: {{ cyclePart.label }}
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{{ cycleResult }}
{{ classifyScope }}
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{{ it.mark }}
{{ classifyReasonLabel }}: {{ it.fb }}
{{ classifyNote }}
{{ n.label }} {{ n.rel }} ▸
{{ chainVerdict }}
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{{ r.id }} IF {{ r.cond }} → THEN {{ r.then }} {{ r.fire }}
{{ expertChain }}
{{ expertFactsLabel }}: {{ expertFacts }}
{{ expertRulesLabel }}: {{ expertRules }}
SYSTEM ADVICE
{{ advice }}
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Startgoalwallexamined cellfound route
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Examined cells: {{ gridExplored }} Cells in route: {{ gridPathLen }} (start and goal included)
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{{ mkNextRowLabel }} · {{ mkCurrent }}
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{{ mkLast }}
{{ mkRound }}
Days generated: {{ mkDays }} · observed proportions in this run: {{ mkDist }}
{{ spamCluesLabel }}
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{{ spamPrepared }}
FEATURES (INPUT)
{{ f.glyph }}{{ f.label }}
SUPPLIED CORRECT LABEL
{{ spamLabel }}
{{ scMini }}
{{ scXLabel }} {{ scYLabel }}
{{ scScaleLabel }}
{{ scActualLabel }}: {{ scSel.y0 }}
{{ scPredLabel }}: {{ scSel.p0 }}
{{ scGapLabel }}: {{ scSel.g0 }}
{{ scScore }}
✕
Centers (✕) are fixed; this panel does not learn them. The red outlier was also preselected; no outlier threshold is computed here.
{{ kmFirstLabel }}: {{ kmD0 }}
{{ kmSecondLabel }}: {{ kmD1 }}
{{ kmNearLabel }}: {{ kmNear }}
Step size:
{{ descXLabel }} {{ descYLabel }} {{ descArrowGlyph }}
Step {{ descN }} · model setting: {{ descXVal }} · error score: {{ lossVal }}
{{ descDirLabel }}
{{ descCompareLabel }}: {{ descPrevLoss }} → {{ lossVal }}
All three curves are predefined illustrations; none is fitted to the data.
{{ fitVerdict }}
{{ n.caption }}{{ neuronWeightLabel }}: {{ n.w }}
{{ neuronContribLabel }}: {{ n.val }} × {{ n.w }} = {{ n.c }}
{{ neuronConst }}
{{ neuronZLabel }} {{ neuronZ }}
{{ neuronActNow }}: {{ neuronActRule }}
{{ neuronAvalLabel }} {{ neuronAval }}
{{ neuronThrLabel }}: {{ neuronFire }}
Inputs: {{ ffInputsNow }}
{{ o.t }} Input Middle (hidden) layer Output
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{{ ffThick }}
{{ ffSelName }} · {{ ffContribLabel }}
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{{ bpStatus }}
{{ bpInputsLabel }}
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{{ bpGuidedConnection }}
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{{ bpSetup }}
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{{ s.name }}
{{ s.values }}
{{ s.gradient }}

{{ bpExplorationFormula }}

Filter:
Image (7×7)
→
Feature map (5×5)
{{ convRespLabel }}: {{ convResp }}
{{ convSum }}
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{{ rnnHeading }}

{{ r.name }}
{{ rnnComponentLabel }}: {{ r.focus }}
{{ rnnPreviousLabel }}: {{ r.before }}
{{ rnnAllLabel }}: {{ r.all }}

{{ rnnInputContributionLabel }}: {{ rnnInputContribution }}

{{ rnnBounds }}

{{ ganBounds }}

{{ ganStageText }}

{{ c.name }}
{{ p.caption }}

{{ ganSourceLabel }}: {{ c.source }}

{{ c.answer }}
{{ c.comparison }}

{{ ganRoleQuestion }}

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{{ ganPath }}

Year {{ expYear }} in the assumed series
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Transistors · doublings: {{ expDoublings }} (assumed series)
{{ expPrevLabel }}: {{ expPrev }} → {{ expNext }}
{{ expBarLabel }}
{{ expTransistor }}
{{ tokSelWord }} → {{ tokSelPieces }}
{{ tokRule }}
{{ t.text }}
{{ tokCount }} illustrative pieces · {{ tokWords }} words
In this splitter, “##” marks a continuation of the same word.
{{ p.label }}
The points were placed by hand; they are not embeddings learned by a real model.
{{ embedPosLabel }}: {{ embedPos }}
{{ embedCaption }}
Illustrative shares: the information shares for the selected piece, including its own share, total 100%. Earlier and later pieces can be used; these shares are not outputs from a trained model.
{{ a.t }} {{ n.t }}{{ n.s }}
{{ attnBarHead }}
{{ attnVNote }}
{{ h }}Σ {{ c.t }}
{{ attnCaption }}
{{ r.name }}{{ r.pre }}{{ r.neu }}{{ r.post }}
{{ g.t }}{{ g.mark }}
{{ r.uText }}
{{ genStepLabel }}
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{{ genBridge }}
{{ c.word }}
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{{ genNote }}
TYPE OF TRAINING EXAMPLE
{{ trainData }}
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
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PREPARED ANSWER TO “WHAT IS THE CAPITAL OF TÜRKİYE?”
{{ trainOutput }}
{{ trainNote }}
noisestep progress {{ diffPct }} · revealed pixels {{ diffClean }}/64
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Context window (a sliding window used in this demo) · {{ ctxUsed }} / {{ ctxMax }} words
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{{ ctxCaption }}
PROMPT
{{ l.text }}
{{ promptCheckLabel }}:{{ c.g }} {{ c.t }}
Completeness: {{ promptQualityLabel }} (not a quality score){{ promptTier }}
PREPARED ANSWER FOR COMPARISON no model runs in this panel
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Predefined source–answer pairs · no real search or model call
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📄 EXAMPLE SOURCE (FICTIONAL)
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⚠ Unverified; it may sound right but be wrong.
TASK · SCRIPTED SCENARIO
{{ agentTask }}
No steps taken yet.
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{{ s.num }}STEP
Scripted next task: {{ s.thought }}
🔧 {{ s.tool }} · {{ s.action }}
{{ s.calc }}
→ observation: {{ s.obs }}
✓ {{ s.final }}
{{ agentDoneLabel }}
{{ archName }}
{{ archDesc }}
“{{ archQ }}”
{{ archAccessLabel }}:
📄 {{ archSource }}
{{ h.n }}. {{ h.from }} → {{ h.to }}{{ h.carry }}
{{ archAnswer }}
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▸{{ e.text }}
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Illustrative bias setting{{ biasPct }}
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Group A approval rate{{ biasA }}
Group B approval rate{{ biasB }}
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{{ explainStripLabel }}: {{ explainStrip }}
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{{ f.val }} · {{ f.dir }}
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Case {{ dfIdxNum }} / {{ dfTotal }} · fictional example · matched: event {{ dfScE }} · origin {{ dfScO }} · channel {{ dfScC }}
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{{ dfQNum }} / 3 · {{ dfQ }}
{{ r.head }} {{ r.text }}
{{ dfNote }}
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{{ r.k }}: {{ r.v }}
{{ u.mark }}
{{ u.why }}
{{ regCaption }}
{{ alignBoundary }}
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{{ alignIntentLabel }}
{{ alignIntent }}
{{ alignMet }}
{{ alignMissed }}
POSSIBLE UNWANTED BEHAVIOR
{{ alignBehavior }}
💡 {{ alignLesson }}
Exchange {{ turIdxNum }} / {{ turTotal }} · fictional example
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{{ turReply }}
{{ turVerdict }}
💡 {{ turTell }}
{{ crTableHead }}
{{ r.in }}→{{ r.mark }}
Note {{ crIdxNum }} / {{ crTotal }} · fictional assumption: the person in the room knows no Chinese
INCOMING CHARACTER SEQUENCE
{{ crIn }}
→
YOUR SELECTED REPLY
{{ crOut }}
{{ crFeedback }}
Meanings of the correct table pair: “{{ crInMeaning }}” → “{{ crOutMeaning }}”. If you assume the role of a person who knows no Chinese, you can match this reply without knowing its meaning; this says nothing about your actual knowledge of Chinese. Is asking whether the person understands the same as asking whether the person, rules and processes together understand? These three pairs do not settle the debate.
{{ capName }}
{{ r.k }}: {{ r.v }}
Three distinct definitions · not a measured intelligence ranking or an AGI progress percentage
{{ capDesc }}
{{ capPrompt }}
{{ singPrompt }}
intelligence (illustrative, no unit) time → {{ singLab }}
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{{ singName }}
{{ singSchema }}
{{ singNote }}
Whose role would you investigate? You can pick more than one party.
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{{ rfHead }}
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{{ f }}
{{ a.label }}. {{ a.text }}
{{ rfLimit }}

{{ learnLocalText }}

Calculations and symbols

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What’s happening?

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{{ q.num }}. {{ q.q }}

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{{ quizLegend }} {{ quizScore }} / {{ quizTotal }} correct
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